Falhas na gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica para Medicamentos Judicializados, em 16 municípios da região Sudeste brasileira / Failures in Pharmaceutical Services management for Judicialized Medicines, in 16 municipalities of the Brazilian Southeast

RESUMO Desde a década de 1990, as solicitações de medicamentos por via judicial vêm se intensificando. Vários estudos têm traçado o panorama destas demandas. Buscou-se descrever a existência de organização própria da gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) Municipal para o atendimento de medicamentos demandados judicialmente. Um conjunto de 16 municípios incluiu 4 de cada estado da região Sudeste brasileira. Para a descrição do perfil da gestão da AF, foi estruturada uma matriz de indicadores que contemplou suas dimensões de recursos humanos, financeiros e suas atividades. Em nove municípios, a gestão dos medicamentos solicitados por via judicial coube ao gestor local da AF. Os indicadores com os piores desempenhos em todas as respostas foram aqueles que versaram sobre as despesas com Medicamentos Judicializados. Somente seis gestores informaram que realizavam análise técnica das prescrições e contato regular com o judiciário. Em sete municípios, os gestores não souberam especificar a modalidade de aquisição dos medicamentos demandados. A gestão municipal tem papel preponderante sobre a gestão da AF e precisa ser revista, havendo a necessidade de amplo questionamento a respeito do seu papel e de eventuais mudanças pelas quais possa passar.

ABSTRACT Since the 1990s, judicial demands for medicines have intensified. Several studies have outlined these demands. We describe the organization of the management of Municipal Pharmaceutical Services (PS) for the provision of medicines demanded through litigation. The sample included 16 municipalities, four for each state in the Brazilian Southeast. To describe the management profile of PS, a matrix of indicators was developed including dimensions of human and financial resources, and PS activities. In nine municipalities, management of medicines acquired through litigation was the responsibility of the local manager of PS. Indicators on expenditures with litigated medicines were the ones with the worst performance. Only six managers informed using technical analysis of prescriptions and regular contact with the judiciary. In seven municipalities, managers were unable to specify the modality of acquisition of medicines. Municipal management plays a major role in the management of PS and must be reviewed, with the need for a thorough questioning regarding its role and possible changes it needs to implement.

Trends in medicines procurement by the Brazilian federal government from 2006 to 2013.

The costs of medicines pose a growing burden on healthcare systems worldwide. A comprehensive understanding of current procurement processes provides strong support for the development of effective policies. This study examined Brazilian Federal Government pharmaceutical procurement data provided by the Integrated System for the Administration of General Services (SIASG) database, from 2006 to 2013. Medicine purchases were aggregated by volume and expenditure for each year. Data on expenditure were adjusted for inflation using the Extended National Consumer Price Index (IPCA) for December 31, 2013. Lorenz distribution curves were used to study the cumulative proportion of purchased therapeutic classes. Expenditure variance analysis was performed to determine the impact of each factor, price and/or volume, on total expenditure variation. Annual expenditure on medicines increased 2.72 times, while the purchased volume of drugs increased 1.99 times. A limited number of therapeutic classes dominated expenditure each year. Drugs for infectious diseases drove the increase in expenditures from 2006 to 2009 but were replaced by antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents beginning in 2010. Immunosuppressants (L04), accounted for one third of purchases since 2010, showing the most substantial growth in expenditures during the period (250-fold increase). The overwhelming price-related increase in expenditures caused by these medicines is bound to have a relevant impact on the sustainability of the pharmaceutical supply system. We observed increasing trends in expenditures, especially in specific therapeutic classes. We propose the development and implementation of better medicine procurement systems, and strategies to allow for monitoring of product price, effectiveness, and safety. This must be done with ongoing assessment of pharmaceutical innovations, therapeutic value and budget impact.

Essential Medicines List Implementation Dynamics: A Case Study Using Brazilian Federal Medicines Expenditures.

The aim was to analyse the implementation dynamics of the essential medicines list (EML). We used the government expenditures on medicines and Brazil as a case study. Drug purchases were considered as a proxy for utilization. The essential medicines (EMs) expenditures were followed over time by Brazilian National EMLs life-time and defined by broad therapeutic categories and by specific medicines. Brazil increased the number of the medicines during the last four editions of Brazilian National EMLs and the federal government expenditures on them. The EML implementation dynamics changed the distribution of expenditures on EMs. We identified a common set of 404 EMs present in all four editions of the Brazilian National EMLs. There was a proportional decrease in expenditures on anti-infectives for systemic use, blood and blood-forming organs and alimentary tract and metabolism, and increase in expenditures on antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents. The expenditures distribution per specific medicines revealed that a small set of EMs was responsible for 50% or more of expenditures considering Brazilian National EML life-time for all four periods. The increase in expenditures on EMs in Brazil was a consequence of the newer medicines incorporated over time in the Brazilian National EMLs. The use of the medicines expenditures as a source of data and the definition of an EML life-time permitted follow-up of the implementation dynamics of different versions of the Brazilian National EMLs. Our results have implications for policymakers and stakeholders to gain a better understanding of the role EMLs play in health system sustainability and in the provision of the most beneficial heath care.

[Essential medicines and the selection process in management practices of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian states and municipalities]. / Medicamentos essenciais e processo de seleção em práticas de gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica em estados e municípios brasileiros.

The selection of medicines is a skilled process that produces an essential medicines list (EML) and substantiates rational management of pharmaceutical services. This paper presents the selection of essential medicines in Brazilian states and municipalities. It discusses the perception of pharmaceutical services managers regarding the concept of essential medicines and strategies adopted for their implementation, in addition to investigating how the National Essential Medicines List was adopted and is supporting local pharmaceutical services actions. A nationwide study was carried out adopting a qualitative methodological approach in health. State and municipal managers from the five Brazilian regions were interviewed. The findings point to weaknesses in local selection procedures and in the use of the National Essential Medicines List (Rename). Barriers such as lack of formalization of pharmaceutical services at regional levels, difficulties in drafting and maintaining a pharmacy and therapeutics committee and the acritical incorporation of drugs on the EML were identified. States and municipalities have distortions that exclude the EML form the concept of essential medicines.

Adesão às listas de medicamentos essenciais por médicos brasileiros em atuação no sistema único de saúde / Adherence to the essential medicines lists by brazilian physicians in the unified health system

OBJETIVO: Investigou-se a adesão de médicos brasileiros em atuação no SUS a listas de medicamentos essenciais (LME), buscando conhecer o papel das LME na prática prescritiva e identificar a aceitação e barreiras para sua utilização no Brasil. MÉTODOS: O estudo, de âmbito nacional, entrevistou médicos da Atenção Primária e da hospitalar de 30 unidades públicas de saúde de municípios com e sem LME definida. Na análise dos dados foram utilizadas técnicas da pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. As categorias finais de análise foram: (i) contato com diferentes LME; (ii) utilização das LME na prática clínica; (iii) percepção do conceito de medicamentos essenciais. RESULTADOS: Foram ouvidos 58 médicos, sendo 11 do Nordeste e do Centro-Oeste e 12 do Sudeste, Norte e Sul. Apenas 17 dos 58 médicos entrevistados informaram contato anterior com uma LME, a maior parte referindo-se à lista municipal. Quando perguntados se utilizavam a Rename em sua prática clínica, todos os entrevistados responderam que não. Dentre os motivos citados, estão (i) a indisponibilidade dos medicamentos (da lista) no momento requerido; (ii) a falta de orientação necessária para o uso; (iii) a impressão de que a composição da lista é inadequada à demanda clínica. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados das falas expõem desconhecimento e baixa adesão a LME. Ainda que tenham tido algum contato prévio com uma LME, esta não é valorizada como fonte de informações para a prescrição baseada em evidências.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the adherence to the essential medicines lists (EML) by Brazilian physicians practicing in the public health system and the role of the EML in prescribing practices, identifying barriers to their use in Brazil. METHODS: A nationwide study interviewed physicians from diverse public healthcare settings in 30 facilities, in municipalities with different statuses in regard to the existence of EMLs. Research data was analyzed through content analysis and perception analysis techniques. The final analytical categories were (i) physician's contact with different EMLs, (ii) use of EMLs in clinical practice and (iii) physician's perceptions regarding the essential medicines concept. RESULTS: A total of 58 physicians were interviewed, from all five Brazilian regions: eleven from the Northeast, eleven from the Mid-West, and twelve each from the Southeast, the North and the South. Seventeen of the 58 physicians reported previous contact with an EML, most of which had occurred with municipal lists. All physicians informed that they did not use the Brazilian Essential Medicines List (RENAME) in their clinical practices. Among the main reasons for this were: (i) unavailability of listed medicines at required moment, (ii) the lack of necessary information and training for adequate use of EML, and (iii) the perception that the composition of the EML is inadequate for clinical demands. CONCLUSIONS: Results from content analysis exposed low awareness regarding EMLs and the essential medicines concept, in addition to a low level of adherence to EMLs. Even though some physicians reported having previous contact with an EML, this tool is not valued as an evidence-based information source for writing prescriptions.

Medicamentos essenciais e processo de seleção em práticas de gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica em estados e municípios brasileiros / Essential medicines and the selection process in management practices of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian states and municipalities

A seleção é um processo qualificado que produz uma Lista de Medicamentos Essenciais (LME) e dá racionalidade à gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica (AF). O artigo apresenta a seleção de medicamentos em estados e municípios brasileiros, discute a percepção de gestores da AF com relação ao conceito de Medicamentos Essenciais (ME) e às estratégias adotadas na gestão, além de investigar se e de que forma a Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (RENAME) foi adotada e está apoiando as ações locais de AF. O estudo de âmbito nacional foi realizado com base no referencial teórico-metodológico da pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. Foram entrevistados gestores de estados e municípios das cinco regiões brasileiras. Os resultados indicam fragilidades no processo de seleção e na utilização da RENAME. Foram identificadas barreiras como a falta de formalização da AF nas esferas subnacionais, as dificuldades em se compor e manter uma comissão de farmácia e terapêutica e a incorporação acrítica de medicamentos na LME. Estados e Municípios apresentam distorções que afastam a LME do conceito de ME.

The selection of medicines is a skilled process that produces an essential medicines list (EML) and substantiates rational management of pharmaceutical services. This paper presents the selection of essential medicines in Brazilian states and municipalities. It discusses the perception of pharmaceutical services managers regarding the concept of essential medicines and strategies adopted for their implementation, in addition to investigating how the National Essential Medicines List was adopted and is supporting local pharmaceutical services actions. A nationwide study was carried out adopting a qualitative methodological approach in health. State and municipal managers from the five Brazilian regions were interviewed. The findings point to weaknesses in local selection procedures and in the use of the National Essential Medicines List (Rename). Barriers such as lack of formalization of pharmaceutical services at regional levels, difficulties in drafting and maintaining a pharmacy and therapeutics committee and the acritical incorporation of drugs on the EML were identified. States and municipalities have distortions that exclude the EML form the concept of essential medicines.

Avaliação dos serviços de farmácia dos hospitais estaduais do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / An evaluation of the services of state hospital pharmacies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Este artigo apresenta o resultado de avaliação das farmácias dos hospitais próprios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para a avaliação normativa foram empregados 62 indicadores de estrutura e processo, que permitiram verificar a adequação das atividades da farmácia hospitalar. Em seguida, os serviços foram estratificados por nível de complexidade do hospital. Em cada estrato foi aplicado um algoritmo de pontuação escalonada de acordo com as atividades executadas. Os hospitais foram então hierarquizados em cada estrato, sendo escolhidos para o estudo de casos múltiplos o pior e o melhor serviço de cada nível de complexidade, perfazendo um total de seis unidades. Nestas, foram aplicados 16 indicadores de resultados. Os dados foram analisados por síntese de casos cruzados. A avaliação do desempenho mostrou que apenas uma unidade realizava a contento as atividades de gerenciamento e programação. Quatro realizavam inadequadamente a aquisição de medicamentos. Os piores resultados de desempenho nos seis hospitais estudados foram relacionados ao componente armazenamento, e os melhores à atividade de distribuição. Os dados são preocupantes, por serem as atividades avaliadas consideradas centrais da farmácia hospitalar.

This article presents an evaluation of state-run hospital pharmacies in Rio de Janeiro. For the regulatory evaluation, 62 indicators of structure and procedures were used in order to establish the adequacy of the activities of the hospital pharmacy. The services were then stratified by level of complexity of the hospital. A scaled rating algorithm was applied to each stratum in accordance with the activities carried out. The hospitals were then hierarchically grouped for each stratum and the best and worst services at each level of complexity were chosen for the multiple case study, resulting in a total of six units. In these units 16 result indicators were applied and analysis of the resulting data was conducted by cross-case synthesis. The performance evaluation revealed that only one unit performed management and forecasting activities satisfactorily. Four units administered medication procurement inadequately. The worst results in terms of performance in the six hospitals studied were related to stock management and the best to distribution activities. The data are a cause for concern, since these are considered the core activities of the hospital pharmacy.

[An evaluation of the services of state hospital pharmacies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. / Avaliação dos serviços de farmácia dos hospitais estaduais do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

This article presents an evaluation of state-run hospital pharmacies in Rio de Janeiro. For the regulatory evaluation, 62 indicators of structure and procedures were used in order to establish the adequacy of the activities of the hospital pharmacy. The services were then stratified by level of complexity of the hospital. A scaled rating algorithm was applied to each stratum in accordance with the activities carried out. The hospitals were then hierarchically grouped for each stratum and the best and worst services at each level of complexity were chosen for the multiple case study, resulting in a total of six units. In these units 16 result indicators were applied and analysis of the resulting data was conducted by cross-case synthesis. The performance evaluation revealed that only one unit performed management and forecasting activities satisfactorily. Four units administered medication procurement inadequately. The worst results in terms of performance in the six hospitals studied were related to stock management and the best to distribution activities. The data are a cause for concern, since these are considered the core activities of the hospital pharmacy.

Estruturação da assistência farmacêutica: plano de ação para a seleção de medicamentos essenciais / Structuring of pharmaceutical care: an operational plan for the selection of essential medicines

A adoção da lista de medicamentos essenciais favorece o acesso e contribui com o uso racional de medicamentos à medida em que são incluídos apenas fármacos necessários, com comprovada eficácia, segurança, menor custo tratamento/dia e apresentação mais adequada ao manejo. O texto apresenta um plano de ação para execução da seleção de medicamentos essenciais em esferas governamentais, que pode ser também empregado como instrumento para nortear o processo em instituições de saúde. O desenho metodológico abrigou revisão documental das experiências de seleção de medicamentos da União e dos estados e o exame do caso do estado do Rio de Janeiro. O plano, à luz do referencial teórico da avaliação de serviços, foi organizado em três momentos. A partir do objetivo de cada um, metas e ações necessárias ao seu alcance foram listadas, totalizando 8 metas e 16 ações interligadas e sequenciais. Cada ação é acompanhada pelo detalhamento de sua contribuição para o objetivo, proposta metodológica para realização, recursos necessários, período estimado de execução e indicadores para mensurar se os objetivos específicos foram alcançados. Estima-se que o produto possa subsidiar os processos de seleção em municípios e estados, bem como as revisões periódicas das listas de medicamentos.

The adoption of the essential medicines list (EML) enables access to essential medicines and their rational use as only necessary medicines with proven efficacy and safety, favorable cost and dosage forms are included. This work presents an action plan for essential medicines selection in the public health system, which may also be employed as a management tool in health facilities. Methodological design involved a complete review of state experiences in medicines selection, and the analysis of the case in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The plan was developed based on the theoretical framework of health-systems evaluation and organized in a step-wise fashion. For each step, objectives, goals and necessary actions were compiled, totaling three objectives, eight goals and sixteen interlaced actions. Each action, in turn, is accompanied by the detailing of its contribution to the objective, methods, necessary resources, estimated timeframe for completion and indicators for measurement of achievement of objective. We propose that this plan may help subsidize the development of the selection process in states and municipalities, as well as reviews of the EML.

[Building evaluation criteria: experts and user satisfaction with pharmaceutical delivery services for HIV/Aids]. / Construindo Critérios de Julgamento em Avaliação: especialistas e satisfação dos usuários com a dispensação do tratamento do HIV/Aids.

A criterion is a typical tool in the evaluation field that can be defined as a standard-dimension under which the object of an evaluation receives qualitative or quantitative judgments. During an evaluation, several rigorous methodological procedures are involved in development and application of suitable criteria to determine the value of the object being evaluated. This article presents a set of criteria to evaluate user satisfaction with HIV/Aids-related pharmaceutical delivery services. The criteria construction process involved consensus amongst different experts, from academia, NGOs, management, by means of the Delphi technique. This technique prescribes a series of formal steps towards a consensus of experts, based on pre-structured methodology and processes. The findings were systematically organized in a structure under which the resulting satisfaction criteria are hierarchically organized. Results suggest the importance of developing a methodological strategy in evaluation that involves participation of different actors and of enhancing knowledge on user satisfaction and pharmaceutical delivery services for HIV/Aids.

Construindo Critérios de Julgamento em Avaliação: especialistas e satisfação dos usuários com a dispensação do tratamento do HIV/Aids / Building Evaluation Criteria: experts and user satisfaction with pharmaceutical delivery services for HIV/Aids

Critério é uma ferramenta típica da avaliação e pode ser definido como uma dimensão-padrão em função da qual a realidade do objeto da avaliação receberá julgamento qualitativo e/ou quantitativo. Em uma avaliação, o procedimento de elaborar, esclarecer, negociar e aplicar critérios para determinar o valor (ou mérito) do objeto avaliado faz parte de um exercício metodológico que deve ser cuidadoso. Este artigo apresenta critérios de julgamento para avaliar a satisfação dos usuários com a dispensação dos medicamentos para o tratamento do HIV/Aids e seu processo de construção por meio de consenso entre diferentes atores sociais. Para estabelecer o consenso utilizou-se técnica de Delfos, uma técnica formal utilizada para consenso de especialistas com metodologia e processos estruturados. Neste estudo, foram considerados especialistas aqueles com experiência acadêmica e em gestão, bem como ativistas informados e comprometidos com a questão. Os achados foram sistematizados sob a forma de uma nova estrutura de satisfação, sob a qual os critérios construídos são articulados hierarquicamente. Buscou-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia metodológica participativa em avaliação e ampliar o conhecimento sobre a satisfação dos usuários e a dispensação dos medicamentos para HIV/Aids.

A criterion is a typical tool in the evaluation field that can be defined as a standard-dimension under which the object of an evaluation receives qualitative or quantitative judgments. During an evaluation, several rigorous methodological procedures are involved in development and application of suitable criteria to determine the value of the object being evaluated. This article presents a set of criteria to evaluate user satisfaction with HIV/Aids-related pharmaceutical delivery services. The criteria construction process involved consensus amongst different experts, from academia, NGOs, management, by means of the Delphi technique. This technique prescribes a series of formal steps towards a consensus of experts, based on pre-structured methodology and processes. The findings were systematically organized in a structure under which the resulting satisfaction criteria are hierarchically organized. Results suggest the importance of developing a methodological strategy in evaluation that involves participation of different actors and of enhancing knowledge on user satisfaction and pharmaceutical delivery services for HIV/Aids.

Vivenciando a seleção de medicamentos em hospital de ensino / Experiencing drug selection in a teaching hospital

A seleção de medicamentos essenciais orienta a utilização eficaz, segura e racional de medicamentos. O texto descreve e discute o processo e os resultados alcançados pelo trabalho da Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica do Instituto Fernandes Figueira no momento de revisão de sua lista de medicamentos, ressaltando as implicações para a gestão, para a clínica e para a formação médica e da equipe multidisciplinar. Os dados trabalhados foram resgatados de documentos produzidos pelo grupo entre abril de 2005 e março de 2008. Foram trabalhados três grupos de medicamentos. Os achados apontam diminuição mínima de 44 por cento no quantitativo de itens. O processo envolveu grande número de profissionais de diferentes categorias e setores do hospital. Embora demorada e complexa, estima-se que a revisão da lista de medicamentos tenha despertado todos para a necessidade de repensar a utilização do arsenal terapêutico, contribuindo para uma formação mais centrada no paradigma da evidência científica e favorecendo a adesão aos produtos finais.

Essential drug selection guides the efficacious, safe, and rational use of medicines. This article describes and discusses the process and results achieved in the work of the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee of the Fernandes Figueira Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the revision of its drug list, highlighting the implications for management, clinical practice, and medical and multidisciplinary team training. The data were retrieved from documents produced by the group from April 2005 to March 2008. Three drug groups were analyzed. The findings point to a decrease of at least 44 percent in the amount of items. The process involved a large number of staff members from different professions and departments in the hospital. Although long and complex, it is estimated that the revision of the drug list awakened the entire staff to the need for rethinking the use of the therapeutic armamentarium, contributing to training based on the scientific evidence paradigm and favoring adherence to the drugs on the final list.

[Pharmaceutical services for inpatients provided by hospital pharmacies in Brazil: a review of the literature]. / Atividades da farmácia hospitalar brasileira para com pacientes hospitalizados: uma revisão da literatura.

This paper discusses the literature on hospital pharmacy services for in-patients in Brazil, seeking a broader view of its characteristics and priorities. Seventeen papers were located in the Medline and Lilacs databases that complied with the pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of them were related to teaching and research, logistics and compounding, based on observations in public hospitals in Southeast Brazil. Few studies focused on core activities such as management and selection. The academic syllabus through which pharmacy students are trained may underlie the perception that compounding is the preponderant aspect of hospital pharmacy services, although this is required in only a few institutions. Added to this is poor compliance by pharmacy activities with established norms and standards and the lack of an indexed Brazilian publication in this field. As there were far more studies of the public sector than its private counterpart, it seems as though there is either greater freedom of action in the former or less scientific output in the latter, quantified by published studies.

Critérios e indicadores de resultados para a farmácia hospitalar brasileira utilizando o método Delfos / Establishment of criteria and outcome indicators for hospital pharmacies in Brazil using Delphos

A farmácia hospitalar é responsável por diversas atividades com influência no cuidado à saúde de pacientes hospitalizados. Este artigo descreve a construção de critérios e indicadores de resultado para a farmácia hospitalar brasileira utilizando Delfos, um método de consenso que dispensa contato presencial. Participaram do estudo 22 especialistas de quatro regiões brasileiras. Todo processo ancorou-se no modelo lógico da farmácia hospitalar brasileira, previamente construído. Foram enviados por correio eletrônico quatro documentos de trabalho. A primeira rodada identificou 103 possíveis resultados. O julgamento quanto à adequação, relevância e possibilidade de mensuração permitiu selecionar 22 critérios que originaram 20 indicadores, agrupados em 7 aspectos da qualidade do serviço. As contribuições iniciais permitiram explicitar melhor o objetivo de quatro componentes do modelo lógico. Observa-se que todos os itens considerados como resultado pelos especialistas neste estudo encontram-se descritos na literatura, seja como indicadores de estrutura ou processo da farmácia hospitalar. Estima-se que a construção de indicadores compostos para a farmácia hospitalar, com base nos aspectos de qualidade observados, permitiria traduzir melhor sua contribuição na avaliação do cuidado a pacientes hospitalizados.

The hospital pharmacy is responsible for several services which influence inpatient outcomes. This paper describes the construction of criteria and outcome indicators for Brazilian hospital pharmacies using Delphos, a consensus technique in which physical presence of specialists is not necessary. 22 specialists from 4 Brazilian regions participated. The entire process was anchored on the logical model previously constructed for the Brazilian hospital pharmacy. The four phases were conducted through e-mail contact. The first round of contributions identified 103 possible outcomes. These were screened and classified according to adequacy, relevance and measurability, producing 22 criteria that originated 20 outcome indicators, grouped in 7 separate aspects of quality of the pharmacy service. Initial contributions helped clarify four different log frame components. All of the outcomes considered by specialists in this study have been already described in the literature as structure and process indicators. Based on the results, we believe that the construction of composite indicators for the Brazilian hospital pharmacy based on the aspects of quality that emerged from the analysis would better depict these indicators' contribution to the evaluation of inpatient care.

Atividades da farmácia hospitalar brasileira para com pacientes hospitalizados: uma revisão da literatura / Pharmaceutical services for inpatients provided by hospital pharmacies in Brazil: a review of the literature

Este artigo discute a produção científica relacionada à farmácia hospitalar brasileira direcionada à internação, na tentativa de ampliar a visão sobre características e prioridades. Foram localizados dezessete artigos nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs condizentes com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos a priori. A maioria ateve-se aos componentes ensino/pesquisa, logística e farmacotécnica, a partir da observação de hospitais públicos localizados no Sudeste. Percebe-se a escassez de textos relacionados a atividades estruturais como gerenciamento e seleção. Estima-se que à formação acadêmica dos farmacêuticos atrele-se a percepção da manipulação como atividade preponderante nos serviços embora, atualmente, esta seja necessária apenas em um número restrito de hospitais. Soma-se a isto a baixa adequação das atividades realizadas a normas legais e padrões estabelecidos e a inexistência de revista brasileira dedicada ao tema e indexada pela BVS. Tendo em vista a maior freqüência de trabalhos oriundos do setor público, há, aparentemente, ou maior liberdade de atuação do farmacêutico neste setor ou menor produção científica, quantificada por publicações, no setor privado.

This paper discusses the literature on hospital pharmacy services for in-patients in Brazil, seeking a broader view of its characteristics and priorities. Seventeen papers were located in the Medline and Lilacs databases that complied with the pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of them were related to teaching and research, logistics and compounding, based on observations in public hospitals in Southeast Brazil. Few studies focused on core activities such as management and selection. The academic syllabus through which pharmacy students are trained may underlie the perception that compounding is the preponderant aspect of hospital pharmacy services, although this is required in only a few institutions. Added to this is poor compliance by pharmacy activities with established norms and standards and the lack of an indexed Brazilian publication in this field. As there were far more studies of the public sector than its private counterpart, it seems as though there is either greater freedom of action in the former or less scientific output in the latter, quantified by published studies.

[Establishment of criteria and outcome indicators for hospital pharmacies in Brazil using Delphos]. / Critérios e indicadores de resultados para a farmácia hospitalar brasileira utilizando o método Delfos.

The hospital pharmacy is responsible for several services which influence inpatient outcomes. This paper describes the construction of criteria and outcome indicators for Brazilian hospital pharmacies using Delphos, a consensus technique in which physical presence of specialists is not necessary. 22 specialists from 4 Brazilian regions participated. The entire process was anchored on the logical model previously constructed for the Brazilian hospital pharmacy. The four phases were conducted through e-mail contact. The first round of contributions identified 103 possible outcomes. These were screened and classified according to adequacy, relevance and measurability, producing 22 criteria that originated 20 outcome indicators, grouped in 7 separate aspects of quality of the pharmacy service. Initial contributions helped clarify four different log frame components. All of the outcomes considered by specialists in this study have been already described in the literature as structure and process indicators. Based on the results, we believe that the construction of composite indicators for the Brazilian hospital pharmacy based on the aspects of quality that emerged from the analysis would better depict these indicators' contribution to the evaluation of inpatient care.